Development of PLA/cellulosic fiber composite foams using injection molding: Crystallization and foaming behaviors |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada;2. Pulp, Paper & Bio-products, FPInnovations, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada;3. Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada;4. KAU University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;1. “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;2. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland;1. Center for Applied Research on Polymers and Composites, CREPEC, Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;2. Center for Applied Research on Polymers and Composites, CREPEC, Mechanical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;3. Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;1. Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8;2. Institute of Metal Forming and Mould/Die Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China;1. Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada;2. Dr. Foam Canada, Ontario L4K 5M2, Canada;1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen''s University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada;2. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G8, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and northern bleached softwood kraft (NBSK) or black spruce medium density fiberboard (MDF) fibers were melt compounded using a co-rotating twin screw extruder and subsequently microcellular injection molded. Poly(ethlylene glycol) (PEG) was used as a lubricant. The microcellular structure, thermal properties, and crystallization behaviors were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide angle X-ray diffraction. Results show that cellulosic fibers, acting as crystal nucleating agents, increased the crystallization temperature and the crystallinity and decreased the crystallization half time. The dissolved N2, the shear stress, and biaxial stretching during foaming also enhanced the crystallinity of PLA. Compared to PLA/PEG, a finer and more uniform cell structure was achieved in the cellulosic fiber composite foams. The improved foam morphology was attributed to the cell nucleating effects of the fibers and the increased melt strength by the addition of cellulosic fibers and by the gas- and fiber- induced crystallization. |
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| Keywords: | A Biocomposite B Thermal properties E Injection moulding E Foaming |
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