Role of rigid nanoparticles and CTBN rubber in the toughening of epoxies with different cross-linking densities |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Polymers and Special Chemicals Group, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thriruvananthapuram 695 022, India;2. Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thriruvananthapuram 695 547, Kerala, India;1. Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovský Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic;2. Dow Europe GmbH, Bachtobelstrasse 3, 8810 Horgen, Switzerland;3. Hybrid Plastics Inc., 55 W.L. Runnels Industrial Drive, Hattiesburg, MS 39401, USA;1. School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P.O., Kottayam, Kerala, India;2. Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany;3. Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, 1 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;4. Materials Engineering Centre, University of Perugia, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy;5. Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India;1. Institute for Polymer, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Piazzale Enrico Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Italy;2. Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering and Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;1. Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA;2. The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA;3. Liaoning Normal University, Huanghe Road, Shahekou, Dalian, Lianoning, China |
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| Abstract: | Experimental investigations were conducted to characterize the fracture behaviours of Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) epoxies modified with rigid nanoparticles (nanosilica or halloysite) and a reactive liquid carboxylterminated butadiene–acrylonitrile (CTBN) liquid rubber to identify toughening mechanisms and toughenability in the cured epoxies with different cross-linking densities. The epoxy was cured using three different hardeners, a heterocyclic amine (piperidine), a cycloaliphatic polyamine (Aradur 2954) and an aromatic amine 4,4′-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS)] to form nanocomposites with different cross-linking densities. It was found that both the hybrid particles, nanosilica with CTBN rubber and halloysite with CTBN rubber, were effective additives that clearly increased the fracture toughness of the three epoxy composites. In particular, the use of halloysite nanoparticles as additives for the epoxies showed greater potential than nanosilica to increase strength and modulus due to the reinforcing effect of the halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). The epoxy systems cured with the hardeners (Aradur 2954 and DDS), which generated relatively high cross-linking densities, evidenced inferior toughenability of the hybrid particles, compared with the epoxy systems cured using the hardener (piperidine), which produced lower cross-linking densities. The CTBN rubber formed dissimilar domains in different epoxy systems, features which were attributed to the different toughenability of the hybrid particles in the systems due to variations in the dominant toughening mechanisms involved. |
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| Keywords: | A Particle-reinforcement B Fracture toughness B Mechanical properties D Electron microscopy |
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