堤防溃口应急抢险技术研究综述

我国江河堤防历史溃口频繁,堵口技术在无数次溃口抢险中逐渐发展,但目前堵口技术效率偏低,且过分依赖人力,机械化程度不高,亟须向现代化应急抢险技术转变。堤防溃口应急抢险相关研究和实践经验较多,总结可得以下结论:溃口过流量及流速可由口门形状及宽度、堤前后水深定量推算,其中,口门形状及宽度由水头差决定,受河道流量和堤身填料影响;不同流域的堵口抢险技术存在一定的差异,但核心思想均为逐步抛填,逐步降低流速;保证抛投物料抗冲稳定性是成功堵口的关键,抗冲结构体系是提高抛投物料抗冲稳定性的有效措施;轻便高效的现代化抢险装备是提高堵口抢险效率的重要途径。

Review on Research of Emergency Rescue Technology for Dyke Burst

The technology of blocking dyke burst has been developing gradually due to frequent dyke bursts in history. However, the blocking technology needs to develop towards modernization due to low efficiency, high dependency on manual power, and low degree of mechanization. In this paper, we made a review on the studies and practices of dyke burst and obtained some conclusions: the discharge and flow velocity at dyke breach can be deduced according to the shape and width of breach as well as the water depths on both sides of the dyke. The shape and width of the breach is determined by water head and affected by discharge of river channel and filling material of dyke. In spite of differences in emergency rescue technologies corresponding to different watersheds, the core principle is to dumping materials step by step and reduce flow velocity gradually. The key to successful blocking is to ensure the anti-scouring stability of dumping materials, which can be enhanced effectively by anti-scouring structure. In addition, light and convenient modern rescue equipment is also a critical approach to improving blocking efficiency.