在对阻力的预期判断中进行规划

当自下而上的规划占据主流地位时，上层政府机构尽管忽视了舟共部门规划但仍保留针对发展的批评制度机制。在援引了新工业化国家为城市贫民提供住房和就业问题的例子后．文章阐述了在一个有效规划中，规划的本体论和程序论是不能相互分离的，因为规划程序很大程度被其欲解决的特定问题的本质所左右。因此，规划理论家需要甘问题的本质有更好的认识，以便为规划操作者提供制度上的洞察力，以应对当问题以特殊方式被提出时可能会遇到的阻力。

Planning as Anticipation of Resistance

this article argues that as the current preoccupation with planning from below lack of attention to public sector planning at the top, it remains a critical institutional mechanism. Drawing on examples of planning for the provision of housing and employment for the urban poor in newly industrializing nations, the article demonstrates that in effective practice substantive and procedural planning theories of planning are not separated because planning procedures are largely influenced by the particular substantive nature of problems to be addressed. Hence, planning theorists need to better understand the substantive nature of problems in order to provide practicing planners with institutional insights tabout the type of resistance they are likely to encounter when a problem is formulated in a particular way.