The Consumption of Milk and Dairy Foods and the Incidence of Vascular Disease and Diabetes: An Overview of the Evidence |
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Authors: | Peter C Elwood Janet E Pickering D Ian Givens John E Gallacher |
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Affiliation: | (1) Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK;(2) MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cardiff, UK;(3) Nutritional Sciences Research Unit, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK |
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Abstract: | The health effects of milk and dairy food consumption would best be determined in randomised controlled trials. No adequately
powered trial has been reported and none is likely because of the numbers required. The best evidence comes, therefore, from
prospective cohort studies with disease events and death as outcomes. Medline was searched for prospective studies of dairy
food consumption and incident vascular disease and Type 2 diabetes, based on representative population samples. Reports in
which evaluation was in incident disease or death were selected. Meta-analyses of the adjusted estimates of relative risk
for disease outcomes in these reports were conducted. Relevant case–control retrospective studies were also identified and
the results are summarised in this article. Meta-analyses suggest a reduction in risk in the subjects with the highest dairy
consumption relative to those with the lowest intake: 0.87 (0.77, 0.98) for all-cause deaths, 0.92 (0.80, 0.99) for ischaemic
heart disease, 0.79 (0.68, 0.91) for stroke and 0.85 (0.75, 0.96) for incident diabetes. The number of cohort studies which
give evidence on individual dairy food items is very small, but, again, there is no convincing evidence of harm from consumption
of the separate food items. In conclusion, there appears to be an enormous mis-match between the evidence from long-term prospective
studies and perceptions of harm from the consumption of dairy food items. |
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