Ethanolysis of waste cottonseed oil over lithium impregnated calcium oxide: Kinetics and reusability studies |
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| Affiliation: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan Univ. of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;2. Department of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, USA;1. Science College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;2. Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 603, Beijing 100190, China;1. Department of International Development Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 12-1, O-okayama-2-chome, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan;1. Department of Textiles Engineering, Henan Institute of Engineering, Zhengzhou, 450007, P. R. China;2. Henan Engineering Laboratory of New Textiles Development, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, P. R. China;1. Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa;2. Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835 205, India |
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| Abstract: | A series of Li/CaO catalysts has been prepared by impregnating 0.5–5.0 wt% Li in CaO by wet chemical method. Prepared Li/CaO catalysts have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area studies, in order to establish the structure and surface morphology of the catalyst. Hammett indicator test study was performed to determine the basic strength of the Li/CaO catalysts. The prepared Li/CaO catalysts have been employed as a heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of waste cottonseed oil (having 2.8 wt% free fatty acid contents) with ethanol. Under optimal reaction conditions viz., ethanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, catalyst to oil weight fraction of 5% and 65 °C reaction temperature, 98% fatty acid ethyl ester yield was obtained in 2.5 h of reaction duration. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the pseudo first order constant and Arrhenius activation energy were found to be 0.03 min−1 and 70.0 kJ mol−1, respectively. Further Li/CaO catalyst was also found to be effective for the ethanolysis and methanolysis of vegetable oils having up to 3.4 wt% free fatty acids. The use of 3-Li/CaO catalyst is advantageous considering that it not only utilizes waste cottonseed oil as a feedstock, but also renewable and nontoxic alcohol, ethanol, for the biodiesel production. |
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| Keywords: | Transesterification Heterogeneous catalyst Biodiesel Ethanolysis Homogeneous contribution |
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