Kinetics of biofuel generation from deodorizer distillates derived from the physical refining of olive oil and squalene recovery |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;2. Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;3. Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;4. Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;1. Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand;2. Chulabhorn Graduate Institute and Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), CHE, Ministry of Education, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand;3. Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phuket Rajabhat University, Phuket 83000, Thailand;1. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, Circuito Universitario, C.P. 34120 Durango, Dgo., Mexico;2. Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Jardín Juárez #147, Centro Histórico, C.P. 98000 Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico;3. Instituto de Investigación en Materiales de la UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México D. F., Mexico;1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey;2. Molecular Biology, Genetics and Biotechnology Program, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey;3. Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, 34755 Kayisdagi, Istanbul, Turkey;4. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey;5. BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, METU, 06800 Ankara, Turkey |
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| Abstract: | The recovery of squalene from deodorizer distillate derived from the physical refining of olive oil was evaluated by combining pressurized acidic esterification in a closed system with vacuum distillation. Esterification was carried out at 341, 359, 366, 391 and 395 K. The reaction at 395 K was found to be satisfactory as it decreased the acid value by 99.21% and generated a FAME concentration of 67.53% within 1 h. In order to demonstrate that the generation of FAME from deodorizer distillate was mainly due to the transformation of FFA, the reaction extent, which characterizes the reaction and simplifies calculations, was evaluated for FFA removal and the generation of FAME. Subsequent vacuum distillation allowed the separation of one fraction rich in FAME (94%), which can be used as a biofuel and accounted for 85% of the initial mass, and another fraction that was rich in squalene (78%) and may be used for manufacturing pharmaceutical products. The global squalene yield was 117 g kg−1 initial deodorizer distillate. |
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| Keywords: | Squalene Deodorizer distillate Esterification FAME Reaction extent Kinetics |
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