The optimal formulation of recycled polypropylene/rubberwood flour composites from experiments with mixture design |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand;1. Department of Engineering Science, University of the Philippines - Los Baños, Laguna 4031 Philippines;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines - Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines;1. Lancaster University Management School, United Kingdom;2. Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 121 Presidents Dr, Amherst, MA 01003;1. School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, 80 South Ring Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 1Y4;2. Bioproducts Discovery & Development Centre (BDDC), Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 117 Reynolds Walk, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 1Y4;3. Department of Chemistry, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt |
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| Abstract: | A mixture design was used in experiments, to determine the optimal mixture for composites of rubberwood flour (RWF) and reinforced recycled polypropylene (rPP). The mixed materials were extruded into panels. Effects were determined of the mixture components rPP, RWF, maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP), and ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer, on the mechanical properties. The overall composition significantly affected flexural, compressive, and tensile properties. The fractions of recycled polypropylene and rubberwood flour increased all the mechanical material properties; however, increasing one fraction must be balanced by decreasing the other, and the rubberwood flour fraction had a higher effect size. The fraction of MAPP was best kept in mid-range of the fractions tested, while the UV stabilizer fraction overall degraded the mechanical properties. Our results suggest that the fraction of UV stabilizer should be as small as possible to minimize its negative influences. The models fitted were used for optimization of a desirability score, substituting for the multiple objectives modeled. The optimal formulation found was 50.3 wt% rPP, 44.5 wt% RWF, 3.9 wt% MAPP, 0.2 wt% UV stabilizer, and 1.0 wt% lubricant; the composite made with this formulation had good mechanical properties that closely matched the model predictions. |
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| Keywords: | A Polymer–matrix composites (PMCs) B Mechanical properties C Statistical properties/methods E Extrusion |
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