3D‐Printable Antimicrobial Composite Resins |
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Authors: | Jun Yue Pei Zhao Jennifer Y Gerasimov Marieke van de Lagemaat Arjen Grotenhuis Minie Rustema‐Abbing Henny C van der Mei Henk J Busscher Andreas Herrmann Yijin Ren |
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Affiliation: | 1. Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands;2. Department of Orthodontics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, RB, Groningen, The Netherlands;3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands |
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Abstract: | 3D printing is seen as a game‐changing manufacturing process in many domains, including general medicine and dentistry, but the integration of more complex functions into 3D‐printed materials remains lacking. Here, it is expanded on the repertoire of 3D‐printable materials to include antimicrobial polymer resins, which are essential for development of medical devices due to the high incidence of biomaterial‐associated infections. Monomers containing antimicrobial, positively charged quaternary ammonium groups with an appended alkyl chain are either directly copolymerized with conventional diurethanedimethacrylate/glycerol dimethacrylate (UDMA/GDMA) resin components by photocuring or prepolymerized as a linear chain for incorporation into a semi‐interpenetrating polymer network by light‐induced polymerization. For both strategies, dental 3D‐printed objects fabricated by a stereolithography process kill bacteria on contact when positively charged quaternary ammonium groups are incorporated into the photocurable UDMA/GDMA resins. Leaching of quaternary ammonium monomers copolymerized with UDMA/GDMA resins is limited and without biological consequences within 4–6 d, while biological consequences could be confined to 1 d when prepolymerized quaternary ammonium group containing chains are incorporated in a semi‐interpenetrating polymer network. Routine clinical handling and mechanical properties of the pristine polymer matrix are maintained upon incorporation of quaternary ammonium groups, qualifying the antimicrobially functionalized, 3D‐printable composite resins for clinical use. |
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Keywords: | antimicrobial 3D printing quaternary ammonium composite resins polymerization |
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