我国核电链排放的放射性影响评价

核电链生命周期的放射性物质排放，不仅包括铀矿开采和水冶、铀纯化和转化、铀同位素分离、核燃料元件制造、核电站运行、后处理和固体废物处置等活动的直接排放，也包括水泥、钢铁和电能消耗的间接排放。本文结合厂址环境特征，对核电链生命周期放射性物质排放的放射性环境影响进行了评估。评估结果表明，2001-2005年、2006-2010年和2011-2013年期间，我国核电链生命周期流出物排放（包括直接排放和间接排放）所致的归一化公众集体剂量分别为7.88、6.31、4.63 人•Sv•(GW•a)^-1。直接排放所致剂量水平远高于间接排放，其中，集体剂量的90%来自铀矿开采和水冶，远高于全球平均水平，有必要进一步提高我国采铀工艺技术，减少放射性物质向环境的排放。

Radiological Impact Assessment from Discharge of Nuclear Energy Chain Life Cycle in China

Of radioactive releases from the nuclear energy chain life cycle, direct releases are involved in uranium mining and milling, uranium purification and conversion, uranium isotopes separation, fuel fabrication, nuclear power plant operation, fuel reprocessing and solid waste disposal, and indirect releases in the consumption of cement, steel and electricity energy. The radiological impacts of releases from the nuclear energy chain life cycle were evaluated based on the site-specific environmental features. The results show that normalized collective effective doses to the public resulting from radioactive releases are 7.88, 6.31 and 4.63 man•Sv•(GW•a)^-1 during the periods of 2001-2005, 2006-2010 and 2011-2013, respectively. The normalized collective doses from the direct releases are much higher than those from the indirect releases. Uranium mining and milling contribute about 90% of total collective effective doses, which is still much higher than the global average. It is necessary to improve the technologies of uranium mining and milling, so as to reduce the radioactive releases to the environment in the nuclear energy chain.