The effect of luteal "rescue" on the expression and localization of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in the human corpus luteum

Luteolysis is associated with tissue remodeling probably involving the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their specific tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). This study investigated the expression and localization of the major MMPs and TIMPs in the human corpus luteum throughout the luteal phase and after luteal rescue with hCG. Corpora lutea (n = 9) were collected at hysterectomy and were dated by serial urinary LH estimation. In addition, corpora lutea (n = 3) were collected from women who had received daily doubling doses of hCG to mimic the hormonal changes of early pregnancy. MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 were investigated by zymography, reverse zymography, Northern blotting, and in situ hybridization. There was no change in the expression of MMP-1, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 throughout the luteal phase or after luteal rescue. Little TIMP-3 could be detected in the corpus luteum. MMP-9 activity peaked in the early and late luteal phase. The expression and activity of MMP-2 were maximal in the late luteal phase. Exposure to hCG during luteal rescue in vivo was associated with a reduction (P < 0.05) in the expression and activity of MMP-2. Messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) for MMP-1, MMP-2, and TIMP-2 were localized to the connective tissue stroma and the thecal-lutein cells of the corpus luteum. In contrast, TIMP-1 mRNA was localized to the granulosa-lutein cells, and MMP-9 mRNA was expressed in scattered cells within the steroidogenic and nonsteroidogenic cell layers. In conclusion, during maternal recognition of pregnancy, hCG prevents the normal increase in MMP-2 in the late luteal phase. MMPs can function in an environment containing large amounts of TIMP-1, as they have a different cellular localization.