Efficacy of diatomaceous earths and their low-dose combinations with spinosad or deltamethrin against three beetle pests of stored-maize |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe;2. Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, P.O Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe;3. Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, P.O Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe;4. Department of Research and Specialist Services, Plant Protection Research Institute, P. O Box CY 550, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe;1. Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK;2. College of Agriculture, P.M.B., 1018 Zuru, Nigeria;1. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States;2. Department of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq;3. Department of Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States;4. USDA-ARS, Center for Medical Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States;5. Department of Agronomy, NFREC, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, United States;1. Laboratoire Central d''Entomologie Agricole de Kamboinsé, Institut de l''Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Burkina Faso;2. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Niger;3. Laboratoire d''Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, UFR/SVT, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso;1. Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, Km 3 Asa Dam Road, PMB 1489 Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria;2. Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;1. Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str., 38446, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece;2. Analytical Chemistry and Pesticides Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str., 38446, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece |
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| Abstract: | A key element in postharvest IPM is the reduction of chemical residues in food through the use of reduced dosages of less toxic grain protectants. Two laboratory experiments were conducted: Experiment I determined the efficacies of straight diatomaceous earths (DEs) – “Chemutsi” (African raw DE), MN51 (new formulation) and Protect-It® (enhanced DE), and two new food grade DE-based formulations (A2 and A3) against adult Prostephanus truncatus (Horn), Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) admixed with shelled maize. In Experiment II, Chemutsi and Protect-It® were further tested in varying combinations with low-dose deltamethrin and spinosad. At 21 days post-exposure, MN51 800 ppm and 1000 ppm, Chemutsi 1000 ppm, Protect-It® 600 ppm and food grade A3 150 ppm caused S. zeamais mortalities that were not significantly different from the positive control (Protect-It® 1000 ppm). However, after the same exposure period, all the straight DEs (applied at ≤ 1000 ppm) and the DE-based food grade formulations were not effective on P. truncatus and T. castaneum. In low dose combinations, 7 day mortalities showed high S. zeamais susceptibility to both DE-spinosad and DE-deltamethrin while P. truncatus was more susceptible only to DE-spinosad and T. castaneum to Protect-It®-deltamethrin only. At 21 days, all DE-spinosad and DE-deltamethrin treatments were effective and not significantly different from the commercial grain protectant (fenitrothion 1.0% w/w (10000 ppm) + deltamethrin 0.13% w/w (130 ppm)) on all test species. DE-spinosad and DE-deltamethrin combinations significantly suppressed (P < 0.001) F1 progeny for the three test species whereas straight DEs and DE-based food grade formulations did not. Our results showed that at half the label rates or lower, DE-spinosad and DE-deltamethrin combinations were effective alternative grain protectants that are safer and possibly cheaper. We also give the first report on the effectiveness of Chemutsi in combination with spinosad or deltamethrin on maize grain. |
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| Keywords: | Safer grain protectants Diatomaceous earth-spinosad combination Diatomaceous earth-deltamethrin combination |
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