Does sorption of sulfuryl fluoride by wheat reduce its efficacy against adults and eggs of Rhyzopertha dominica? |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Environmental and Rural Science, The University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia;2. Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, Tikrit, Salahuddin, Iraq;3. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia;4. NSW Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth Agricultural Institute, 4 Marsden Park Road, Calala, NSW 2340, Australia;1. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Yanco Agricultural Institute, Private Mail Bag, Yanco, NSW 2703, Australia;2. NSW Department of Primary Industries, Locked Bag 21, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia;3. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Private Bag 4008, Narellan, NSW 2567, Australia;1. Henan University of Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Grain Storage and Security, Zhengzhou, 450001, China;2. Academy of State Administration of Grain, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Street, Beijing, China;1. School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China;2. Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, China;3. Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing, China;4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA;1. National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6021, New Zealand;2. Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 2526, Pastoral House, 25 The Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand |
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| Abstract: | Despite its growing importance as a fumigant for grain, there is no information on the impact of sorption on the efficacy of sulfuryl fluoride (SF) against target insect pests. Eggs and adults of a major grain pest, Rhyzopertha dominica, living in wheat (12% m.c.), were fumigated with SF at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/L for 168 h at 25 °C. Sorption of the fumigant by the grain followed an exponential decay and reduced the mortality rates of both adults and eggs. The partition ratio (K), a measure of physical sorption, had a strong impact on mortality of both adults and eggs. The quadratic model showed the best fit to the data and turning points in the relationship indicated that although mortality increased as concentration increased, physical sorption removed fumigant resulting in a decrease in the mortality rate. There was a linear relationship between mortality and the rate of sorption (k) of SF by the wheat. At each concentration, mortality rate increased as k increased despite sorption continuing, indicating that the chemical sorption rate had little impact on mortality. Sorption of SF into the commodity has the potential to reduce the biological efficacy of the fumigant resulting in potential control failures. Concentration x time protocols may need to be revised to account for this phenomenon. |
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| Keywords: | Sorption Sulfuryl fluoride Wheat |
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