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Toxicological effects of the chemical and green ZnO NPs on Cyprinus carpio L. observed under light and scanning electron microscopy
Authors:Saba Rasool  Mehwish Faheem  Uzma Hanif  Saraj Bahadur  Sehrish Taj  Fareeha Liaqat  Leonel Pereira  Iram Liaqat  Shabnam Shaheen  Muhammad Shuaib  Sadia Gulzar
Affiliation:1. Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan;2. Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan;3. College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China;4. State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China

Department of Aquaculture, Ocean College of Hainan University, Haikou, China

Department of Aquaculture, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China;5. Department of Botany, Institute of Marine Research (IMAR), FCTUC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal;6. Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan;7. School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China

Abstract:Nanoparticles in aquatic bodies cause serious harm to the aquatic organisms when accumulated in high amounts. However, green nanoparticles synthesized using plants can be less toxic as compared to chemical nanoparticles. Hence, we designed our study to investigate the toxicological effects of chemical and green zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the biological activity of juvenile Cyprinus carpio. The green ZnO NPs were synthesized from Solieria robusta, and chemical ZnO NPs were synthesized using zinc chloride solution and ammonium hydroxide. Characterization was done by using light microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transmission infrared radiation, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The highest absorbance of nanoparticles was observed at 360 which confirmed the synthesis of ZnO. The SEM analysis showed that green nanoparticles were hexagonal while the chemical nanoparticles were spherical to cubic in shape. Definite peaks were observed in XRD of green and chemical NPs at 2θ angles 45.84° and 32.18°, respectively. Oxidative stress was determined by chemical analysis of catalase, glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) activities. The toxicological effects of chemical ZnO NPs on the catalase, LPO, GST, and GSH activities were more than green ZnO NPs. The histopathological investigation proved that the effect of chemical nanoparticles was worse than green ZnO NPs. More tissue damage was found in chemical nanoparticles than green synthesized nanoparticles. It was concluded that chemical nanoparticles can be replaced by green nanoparticles, as green nanoparticles are eco-friendly with less toxicological effects. This replacement can limit the toxic effect of nanoparticles when they get accumulated in high amounts in water bodies.
Keywords:chemical and green ZnO NPs  Cyprinus carpio  FTIR  histopathology  LM  oxidative stress  SEM  XRD
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