面向比特币的区块链扩容:关键技术, 制约因素与衍生问题

比特币是一种利用区块链技术的点对点记账系统.随着比特币的发展，现有的比特币系统架构已经不能满足日益增长的交易需求，亟需扩容以寻求长期发展.比特币是以人为核心的复杂社会经济系统，比特币扩容是涉及多方利益的复杂问题，引起了业界与学术界的广泛关注.本文提出了一个比特币系统扩容问题的研究框架，包括关键技术，制约因素与衍生问题三部分，以深入探讨和研究比特币扩容问题.在该研究框架下，首先介绍链上和链下两类扩容关键技术及发展现状；其次从网络负载和节点瓶颈两方面，总结制约比特币扩容方案的宏观与微观因素；最后，探讨两类衍生问题:从系统安全性的角度，探讨比特币扩容可能引发的安全问题及解决策略；从币值、交易费与矿工收益等方面，阐述比特币扩容涉及的经济问题.

Scaling Blockchain Towards Bitcoin: Key Technologies,Constraints and Related Issues

Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer ledger system based on the blockchain technology. With the development of Bitcoin, the existing Bitcoin system architecture can no longer meet the demand of the increasingly large volume of transactions, so that Bitcoin scalability becomes one of the most important problems to solve in Bitcoin-related systems today. The Bitcoin system is a complex human-centered socio-economic system, and the Bitcoin scalability problem is a complex problem involving multi-party interests, which has attracted increasing attention of both industries and academia. This paper presents a research framework for the Bitcoin scalability problem, including the key technologies, constraints and related issues, in order to help explore and study the Bitcoin scalability problem. Under the framework, we first introduce two kinds of key technologies and their current developments. Secondly, we summarize factors that restrict the Bitcoin scalability from the aspects of network load and node performance. Finally, we explore the related security issues and economic issues involved in the Bitcoin scalability.