国际河流中下游沿岸国对上游沿岸国的影响

人们普遍认为只有河流上游沿岸国通过水量控制或水质污染给下游沿岸国带来损害,而没有认识到下游沿岸国凭借对水资源已有使用权和水权的要求,将剥夺上游国家未来对水资源的使用权。法院判决、信函交流、学术讨论和国际河流开发利用的实践等表明,人们已认识到剥夺未来使用权的概念并对之理解越来越清晰。讨论了赫尔辛基规则和国际水道条约中上下游沿岸国之间的关系,认为公平合理利用原则已成为水道公约和国际水法的基础性导则,河流各沿岸国应相互尊重,一国的河流开发举措不应对其他国家造成利益损害。结合Baardhere工程、盖巴斯科夫-拉基玛洛工程两个典型的国际水事纠纷事件,分析了剥夺未来使用权的概念和公平合理利用原则在实践中遇到的挑战。

Analysis of the Effect on Downstream Riparians from Upstream Riparians in International Watercourses

It was commonly believed that only upstream riparians could harm downstream riparians by affecting the quantity or quality of water flow.However,it was not generally realized that downstream riparians could also harm upstream riparians by depriving their future uses of water through the requirement to the prior use rights and water rights.The discussions of court decisions,correspondence,scholarly work,international legal instruments and practices expounded by international water projects indicates that there has been a gradually understanding of the deprivation of their future uses.And riparians’ relations under the Helsinki Rules and the Watercourses Convention are talked over to conclude that the principle of equitable and reasonable utilization is the fundamental and guiding principle of the Watercourses Convention and international water law,which requires every watercourse state to respect each other rather than causing significant harm to other states.Finally,this paper analyzes that the challenges and problems of applying the concept of foreclosing future uses and the principle of equitable and reasonable utilization into the practice by illustrating the two typical international water disputes(Baardhere Project and Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project).