暂堵型保护油气层钻井液技术研究进展与发展趋势

通常在勘探开发油气过程中会发生不同程度的油气层损害，导致产量下降、甚至"枪毙"油气层等，钻井液是第一个与油气层相接触的外来流体，引起的油气层损害程度往往较大。为减轻或避免钻井液导致的油气层损害、提高单井产量，国内外学者们进行了长达半个世纪以上的研究工作，先后建立了"屏蔽暂堵、精细暂堵、物理化学膜暂堵"三代暂堵型保护油气层钻井液技术，使保护油气层效果逐步提高，经济效益明显。但是，与石油工程师们追求的"超低"损害目标仍存在一定差距，特别是随着非常规、复杂、超深层、超深水等类型油气层勘探开发力度的加大，以前的保护技术难以满足要求。为此，将仿生学引入保护油气层钻井液理论中，发展了适合不同油气层渗透率大小的"超双疏、生物膜、协同增效"仿生技术，并在各大油田得到推广应用，达到了"超低"损害目标，标志着第四代暂堵型保护油气层钻井液技术的建立。对上述4代暂堵型保护油气层技术的理论基础、实施方案、室内评价、现场应用效果与优缺点等进行了论述，并通过梳理阐明了将来的研究方向与发展趋势，对现场技术人员和科技工作者具有较大指导意义。 

Progress Made and Trend of Development in Studying on Temporarily Type Plugging Reservoir Protection Drilling Fluids

Formation damage of varying degree during oil and gas exploration and development generally results in reduced production rate or even kill a reservoir. Drilling fluid, as the first foreign fluid comes into contact with reservoir always causes greater formation damage. To mitigate or avoid formation damage caused by drilling fluid and enhance production rate of a single well, plenty of studies have been conducted by scholars at home and abroad for almost half a century. Three generations of drilling fluid technologies capable of protecting reservoir from being damaged have been established, they are "shielding and temporary plugging", "fine temporary plugging" and "temporary plugging with physio-chemical film". These technologies have greatly economically improved the protection done to reservoirs. The progresses made in reservoir protection, although great, still do not satisfy the pursuit of petroleum engineers of "ultra-low" formation damage, especially with great efforts made in developing nonconventional complex, ultra-deep and ultra-deep water reservoirs, the reservoir protection technologies previously prevailing are becoming unsatisfactory. To better protect reservoirs from being damaged, bionics has been introduced in the reservoir protection drilling fluid theory. The wide application of this new theory in large oilfields helps reach the goal of "ultra-low" formation damage, symbolizing the establishment of the fourthgeneration of reservoir protection drilling fluid technology. Theoretical basis, implementation program, laboratory evaluation and field application and advantages and disadvantages of the four generations of reservoir protection technologies are detailed in this paper, and the trend of development of reservoir protection drilling fluid technology is expounded in an effort to be of guiding significance to field technologists and scientific researchers in their work.