Pearson marrow pancreas syndrome: a molecular study and clinical management

Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in women and although identification of this multi-system disease has increased, the survival rates have not dramatically altered over the past four decades. Optimium treatment of patients with breast cancer is a subject of great debate and traditionally may be divided into surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormone manipulation. Halsted's radical mastectomy, although initially superseded by more mutilating surgery involving removal of tumour, breast, pectoral muscles and axillary contents, has given way to more conservative surgery and breast conservation, so now removal of the tumour with a marginal of healthy tissue is possible. Additional loco-regional radiotherapy has added to the increasing number of treatment options available to both doctor and patient. Systemic adjuvant therapy, primarily hormonal therapy, is used with the aim of decreasing the incidence of recurrence and distant tumour development. Through the process of randomized controlled trials these new therapeutic treatments have shown to be effective in the treatment of locoregional disease. Surgery in patients with advanced systemic disease is limited, however radiotherapy is of considerable importance and can be used to treat or palliate sites of metastases. In recent years trials have assessed chemotherapeutic regimens. However, limited number of patients and adequate randomization have hindered the confident acceptance of these results. Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5 fluorouracil still remain the standard chemotherapeutic regimen, however many new drugs are currently undergoing trials and these or combinations of these may prove to be of future clinical use. Dramatic advances in cell and molecular biology have allowed the development of novel breast cancer therapies. Specific oncogenes and loss of tumour suppressor genes have been associated with decrease patient survival, with the presence of lymph node metastases and with decreased relapse free survival. Growth factor receptor blockers and tyrosine kinase inhibitors may be developed to specifically eradicate breast cancer cells. Immunotherapy and gene therapy may produce effective therapies. Trials utilizing cytokines and trials increasing the immunogenicity of tumours have already reported promising results. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone manipulation are the major treatment arms of breast cancer therapy. However, breast cancer still accounts for 20 percent of all female cancer deaths and the overall survival of patients has remained relatively static over the past forty years. From our increasing understanding of the pathological processes involved in the development and spread of breast cancer, new pharmaceutical, immunological and gene therapies may dramatically increase the cure rate of this serious disease.