Fetal growth in the baboon during the second half of pregnancy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of feeding tube placement errors in children. DESIGN AND METHODS: The hospital records of 201 children having both an enteral tube and at least one radiograph showing tube placement were retrospectively reviewed. Chart review was also used to determine the risk factors associated with these errors. Tube placement error was defined as tube tip or orifices in the esophagus or intestine (if the tube was supposed to be in the stomach) or tip or orifices in the esophagus or stomach (if the tube was supposed to be in the intestine.) RESULTS: On the first day, a radiograph documenting tube placement showed that 32 of the 201 children (15.9%) had tube placement errors. Overall, 53 tube placement errors were evident during the 385 observation days on which radiographs were obtained (13.8%). Of the 201 children, 42 (20.9%) had experienced tube placement errors at some time during the period reviewed. Over all radiograph days, activity level was independently related to radiographic tube placement (p = < 0.02), with more errors among active children. Also, classification regression tree analysis showed that age, level of consciousness (alert or comatose versus semicomatose), abdominal distention, vomiting, and orogastric tubes were associated with more tube placement errors. NURSING IMPLICATIONS: Nurses need to be especially careful in assessing tube placement if the pediatric client has one or more of the identified risk factors. Health care providers need to carefully weigh the benefits and risks of feeding by nasal or oral enteral tubes versus the benefits and risks of feeding by endoscopically or surgically placed enteral tubes.