Fabrication of transparent lead-free KNN glass ceramics by incorporation method

The incorporation method was employed to produce potassium sodium niobate [KNN] (K_0.5Na_0.5NbO₃) glass ceramics from the KNN-SiO₂ system. This incorporation method combines a simple mixed-oxide technique for producing KNN powder and a conventional melt-quenching technique to form the resulting glass. KNN was calcined at 800°C and subsequently mixed with SiO₂ in the KNN:SiO₂ ratio of 75:25 (mol%). The successfully produced optically transparent glass was then subjected to a heat treatment schedule at temperatures ranging from 525°C -575°C for crystallization. All glass ceramics of more than 40% transmittance crystallized into KNN nanocrystals that were rectangular in shape and dispersed well throughout the glass matrix. The crystal size and crystallinity were found to increase with increasing heat treatment temperature, which in turn plays an important role in controlling the properties of the glass ceramics, including physical, optical, and dielectric properties. The transparency of the glass samples decreased with increasing crystal size. The maximum room temperature dielectric constant (ε _r ) was as high as 474 at 10 kHz with an acceptable low loss (tanδ) around 0.02 at 10 kHz.