Calculations of radar backscattering coefficient of vegetation-covered soils

A model for simulating the measured radar backscattering coefficient of vegetation-covered soil surfaces is presented in this study. The model consists of two parts: the first is a soil surface model to describe the backscattered radar pulses from a rough soil surface, and the second part takes into account the effect of vegetation cover. The soil surface is characterized by two parameters, the surface height standard deviation σ and the horizontal correlation length l. The effect of vegetation canopy scattering is incorporated into the model by making the radar pulse subject to two-way attenuation and volume scattering when it passes through the vegetation layer. These processes are characterized by the two parameters, the canopy optical thickness τ and the volume scattering factor η. The model results agree well with the measured angular distributions of the radar backscattering coefficient for HH polarization at the 1.6 GHz and 4.75 GHz frequencies over grass-covered fields. These observations were made from an aircraft platform during six flights over a grass watershed in Oklahoma. It was found that the coherent scattering from soil surfaces is very important at angles near nadir, while the vegetation volume scattering is dominant at larger incident angles (> 30°). The results show that least-squares fits to scatterometer data can provide reliable estimates of the surface roughness parameters, particularly the surface height standard deviation σ. The range of values for σ for the six flights is consistent with a 2 or 3 dB uncertainty in the magnitude of the radar response.