Arthropod sensilla: morphology and phylogenetic considerations

The structures of different types of arthropod sensilla are compared and theories regarding the evolution of these sensory organs are presented. Arthropod sensilla are built according to a common plan, and are probably homologous to scolopidia. Certain similarities in the structure of sensilla in different arthropod groups can be the result of adaptations to specific environments. The structure of sensilla in insect groups, which are regarded to be ancestral, do not appear to be less sophisticated than in groups considered to be more advanced. The different types of pore systems, as well as the structural differentiations of insect olfactory sensillar types remain unexplained. Olfactory sensilla display a large degree of similarity among terrestrial arthropods, whereas crustacean sensilla diverge in structure. In holometabolous insects larval sensilla appear to be structurally quite advanced, and more complex than in the adult. During the ontogeny of both sensilla and scolopidia, these are differentiated in an epithelial layer, resulting in the formation of both sensory and enveloping cells. The developmental patterns of sensilla in the studied insect groups are similar. During the development of sensilla apoptotic process are usually active.