基于帕累托最优的新安江流域生态补偿标准

从福祉经济学的角度，借助边际价值的概念，认为由于生态环境保护活动存在的外部性，将会导致流域的经济、环境不能自动达到帕累托最优状态，因此需要对流域上游保护区进行补偿。分析了3种实现帕累托最优的方法：对上游给予补贴、在对上游给予补贴的同时对下游征税、谈判。以新安江流域为例，对1990—2004年流域上、下游环境保护投入和经济发展水平的数据进行计算，结果表明：当对上游给予补贴的同时对下游征税，为使上、下游地区达到各自利益的最大化，流域达到帕累托最优状态，上游地区应获补贴最小为5.2亿元，同等条件下下游地区缴税5.2亿元；通过谈判的方式实现新安江流域的生态补偿，则为使流域整体最优，上、下游可在5.2亿元以上选择合适的补偿量。建议采用谈判的方式在补偿方式和补偿额度上达成一致，使全流域的经济、环境达到帕累托最优状态。

Ecological compensation standard for Xinanjiang River basin based on Pareto optimization

The necessity of ecological compensation for protected upstream region in river basins due to the externality of ecological environment protection and resulted in the economy and environment of river basin can not reach the Pareto optimization situation automatically is analyzed. Three possible compensation modes are investigated including the mode of paying compensation to upstream area, the mode of combination of paying compensation to upstream area with imposing tax from downstream area and the mode of determined by negotiation. The analysis for the Xinanjiang River basin is used as an example for demonstration of this study. The analysis is based on the input for environmental protection and economy development level in the period from 1990 to 2004. The result shows that when the mode of combination of paying compensation to upstream area and composing tax from downstream area is adopted the maximization of benefits for both upstream area and downstream area can be realized respectively and the situation of Pareto optimization can be reached, if the amount of compensation is controlled more than 0.52 billion Yuan. At the same time the tax obtained from downstream area must be 0.52 billion Yuan. It is suggested that for ensuring the total welfare of the whole river basin reaching the Pareto optimization situation the suitable compensation amount and suitable compensation mode should be determined by negotiation, the amount of compensation should be controlled in the said range.