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Evaluation of tempering behaviour in modified 9Cr–1Mo steel by magnetic non-destructive techniques
Authors:Harendra Kumar  JN Mohapatra  Rajat Kumar Roy  R Justin Joseyphus  Amitava Mitra
Affiliation:1. Materials Science and Technology Division, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831007, Jharkhand, India;2. Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli-620015, India;1. Department of Materials Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan;2. Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan;1. National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China;2. Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China;3. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China;1. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India;2. School of Mechanical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India;1. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttrakhand 247667, India;2. School of Mechanical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India;1. Materalia Research Group, Physical Metallurgy Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CENIM-CSIC), Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain;2. Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany;3. División de Materiales Estructurales, Centro Investigaciones Medioambientales y tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avda. Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain;1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China;2. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Joining Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
Abstract:Modified 9Cr–1Mo steels were normalized at 1050 °C/30 min and tempered over a wide range of temperatures to observe the effect of tempering temperature on the material properties. The material revealed mechanical softening when tempered at temperature less than the lower critical temperature (~810 °C: Ac1). Beyond Ac1 temperature the materials strength increased drastically due to the formation of fresh martensite. Magnetic Hysteresis Loop (MHL) and Magnetic Barkhausen Emissions (MBE) techniques were used to evaluate the magnetic properties of the materials with tempering. Magnetic softening was observed by tempering the material below the Ac1 temperature where a decrease in coercivity and an increase in RMS voltage of the MBE were found. Tempering beyond Ac1 magnetic hardening was observed by the increase in coercivity and the decrease in RMS voltage of MBE. Such results revealed that magnetic techniques could be a better tool for the evaluation of tempering of modified 9Cr–1Mo steel.
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