Population and sex differences in antipredator responses of breeding fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to chemical stimuli from garter snakes (Thamnophis radix andT. sirtalis) |
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Authors: | Jeffrey G Matity Douglas P Chivers R Jan F Smith |
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Affiliation: | (1) Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, S7N 0W0 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada |
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Abstract: | We conducted a predator bite survey on a population of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) considered to be under substantial predation pressure by western plains garter snakes (Thamnophis radix). Scarring, due to failed predation attempts by garter snakes and crayfish (Orconectes virilis), was observed significantly more often in breeding males than in breeding females and nonbreeding minnows. Likely, territorial nest defense under the edges of rocks along the water's edge, a habitat occupied by crayfish and frequented by snakes, caused the breeding males to be differentially vulnerable to predation. Under controlled laboratory conditions, breeding males from this population exhibited an antipredator response to chemical stimuli from live snakes (T. sirtalis andT. radix) significantly more often than breeding female minnows from the same population and breeding minnows of both sexes from a population that was presumed to be under lower predation pressure from snakes. |
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Keywords: | Differential vulnerability differential predation alarm substance cost of reproduction learned predator recognition predator avoidance fathead minnow Pimephales promelas garter snake Thamnophis radix Thamnophis sirtalis |
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