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Drug-Induced Lysosomal Impairment Is Associated with the Release of Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Autophagy Markers
Authors:Krizia Sagini  Sandra Buratta  Federica Delo  Roberto Maria Pellegrino  Stefano Giovagnoli  Lorena Urbanelli  Carla Emiliani
Affiliation:1.Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (K.S.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (R.M.P.); (C.E.);2.Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;3.Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy;4.CEMIN (Center of Excellence for Innovative Nanostructured Material), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
Abstract:Amiodarone is a cationic amphiphilic drug used as an antiarrhythmic agent. It induces phospholipidosis, i.e., the accumulation of phospholipids within organelles of the endosomal–lysosomal system. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed structures released by any type of cell and retrieved in every fluid of the body. EVs have been initially identified as a system to dispose cell waste, but they are also considered to be an additional manner to transmit intercellular signals. To understand the role of EVs in drug-induced phospholipidosis, we investigated EVs release in amiodarone-treated HEK-293 cells engineered to produce fluorescently labelled EVs. We observed that amiodarone induces the release of a higher number of EVs, mostly of a large/medium size. EVs released upon amiodarone treatment do not display significant morphological changes or altered size distribution, but they show a dose-dependent increase in autophagy associated markers, indicating a higher release of EVs with an autophagosome-like phenotype. Large/medium EVs also show a higher content of phospholipids. Drugs inducing lysosomal impairment such as chloroquine and bafilomycin A1 similarly prompt a higher release of EVs enriched in autophagy markers. This result suggests a mechanism associated with amiodarone-induced lysosomal impairment more than a connection with the accumulation of specific undigested substrates. Moreover, the implementation of the lysosomal function by overexpressing TFEB, a master gene regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, prevents the amiodarone-induced release of EVs, suggesting that this could be a feasible target to attenuate drug-induced abnormalities.
Keywords:phospholipidosis   lysosomal storage disorders   amiodarone   chloroquine   bafilomycin A1   extracellular vesicles   exosomes   microvesicles   secretory autophagy   TFEB
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