Hopping conduction in (Ni,Co,Mn)O4 prepared by different synthetic routes: Conventional and spark plasma sintering |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gwahakdanji-ro 137-41, Gangwon-do 25440, Republic of Korea;2. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gaetbeol-ro 156, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, World cup-ro 206, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-749, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women''s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;5. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;6. School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;7. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea;1. Materials for Energy and Environment (MEE) Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, 57100, Thailand;2. School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, 57100, Thailand;3. National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Science Park, Thailand;1. Instituto de Física, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile;2. Facultad de Química Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile;3. ANID – Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, Chile;4. Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados, CIEN UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile;5. UC Energy Research Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile;1. State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China;2. CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China;3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;4. School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road 30, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China;5. John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;6. Shanghai Institute of Materials Genome, Shanghai 200444, China;1. Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena (University of Applied Sciences Jena), Dept. SciTec, C.-Zeiss-Promenade 2, 07745 Jena, Germany;2. Belarusian State University, Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Leningradskaya str. 14, 220030 Minsk, Belarus |
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| Abstract: | (Ni,Co,Mn)O4 (NMC) oxides were prepared by conventional sintering (CS) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) using micro and nanopowders. Small hoping polaron theory was used in order to investigate effect of processing routes on electrical properties of NMC oxides as negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors. Also, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques were utilized to analyze compositional and structural effects on the electrical properties of NMC compounds. Hopping conduction in NMC prepared by SPS and CS using nanopowder occurs via variable range hopping (VRH) mechanism, however conduction in NMC prepared by CS using micropowder follows nearest neighboring hopping (NNH) mode. Hopping distance and activation energy for the VRH mode were calculated using corresponding physical model. |
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| Keywords: | Nickel cobalt manganese oxides Spinel Hopping conduction Nanopowder Spark plasma sintering Conventional sintering |
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