Specialized nutritional support in respiratory disease

Nutritional status in patients with respiratory disease is discussed and nutritional support and pharmacotherapy considerations in these patients are reviewed. Undernutrition is common among patients with respiratory disease and can lead to decreased respiratory muscle mass and ventilatory drive. Both overfeeding and underfeeding can adversely affect patient outcome. Specialized nutrition-support regimens for patients with respiratory disease should include carbohydrate doses below the maximal oxidative rates for glucose and fat emulsion as a daily continuous infusion. Early enteral feeding may be beneficial. Respiratory quotient, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production are useful measurements in providing optimal nutrition support. Pharmacotherapeutic measures, such as gastrointestinal-tract decontamination and growth-hormone administration, are being investigated in these patients as adjunctive therapy. Nutrition-support regimens for patients with respiratory disease should be carefully designed and monitored to avoid further compromising respiratory function and to reduce the risk of infection.