Slow catalytic pyrolysis of rapeseed cake: Product yield and characterization of the pyrolysis liquid |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratory of Applied and Analytical Chemistry, CMK, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;2. NuTeC, Department TIW, XIOS, Agoralaan Gebouw H, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;2. Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Group, Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;1. Agricultural Sciences Academic Unit, Forest Sciences Graduate Program – PPGCFL, Forest, Bioenergy and Environment Research Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte – UFRN, RN 160 - Km 03 - Distrito de Jundiaí, P.O. Box 07, Macaíba, 59280-000, RN, Brazil;2. National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology – INMETRO-RJ, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Prédio 28 - Xerém, Duque de Caxias, 25.250-020, RJ, Brazil;3. Institute of Chemistry, Chemistry Graduate Program, Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte – UFRN, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, nº 3000, Lagoa Nova Campus Universitário, Natal, 59.078-970, RN, Brazil;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States;2. Bioeconomy Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States;3. Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States;1. Department of Mining Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;2. Research Group of Applied and Analytical Chemistry, CMK, Hasselt University, Agoralaan – gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;1. College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China;3. Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Efficient & Clean Thermal Power Generation Technologies(State Grid Hunan Electric Power Corporation Research Institute), Changsha, 410007, China;1. Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;2. ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;3. SINTEF Energy Research, Sem Sælands vei 11, Trondheim NO-7034, Norway |
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| Abstract: | The performance of three catalysts during slow catalytic pyrolysis of rapeseed cake from 150 to 550 °C over a time period of 20 min followed by an isothermal period of 30 min at 550 °C was investigated. Na2CO3 was premixed with the rapeseed cake, while γ-Al2O3 and HZSM-5 were tested without direct biomass contact. Catalytic experiments resulted in lower liquid and higher gas yields. The total amount of organic compounds in the pyrolysis liquid was considerably reduced by the use of a catalyst and decreased in the following order: non-catalytic test (34.06 wt%) > Na2CO3 (27.10 wt%) > HZSM-5 (26.43 wt%) > γ-Al2O3 (21.64 wt%). In contrast, the total amount of water was found to increase for the catalytic experiments, indicating that dehydration reactions became more pronounced in presence of a catalyst. All pyrolysis liquids spontaneously separated into two fractions: an oil fraction and aqueous fraction. Catalysts strongly affected the composition and physical properties of the oil fraction of the pyrolysis liquid, making it promising as renewable fuel or fuel additive. Fatty acids, produced by thermal decomposition of the biomass triglycerides, were converted into compounds of several chemical classes (such as nitriles, aromatics and aliphatic hydrocarbons), depending on the type of catalyst. The oil fraction of the pyrolysis liquid with the highest calorific value (36.8 MJ/kg) was obtained for Na2CO3, while the highest degree of deoxygenation (14.0 wt%) was found for HZSM-5. The aqueous fraction of the pyrolysis liquid had opportunities as source of added-value chemicals. |
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| Keywords: | Rapeseed cake Catalytic pyrolysis Triglycerides Deoxygenation Pyrolysis liquid Characterization |
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