鱼道结构优化研究（“研究生论坛”稿件）

大坝切断了鱼类的洄游路线,对鱼类的生长繁殖产生影响,尤以对洄游及半洄游性鱼类的影响为甚。某水电站所处河段是锥吻叶须鱼、横口裂腹鱼等半洄游性鱼类洄游的必经通道。为保护珍稀鱼类,修建了一座垂直竖缝式鱼道。对该鱼道进行一系列模型实验,通过模型实验,认为该鱼道内主流上的流速接近鱼类极限游泳速度,而且鱼道内水流扰动大,给鱼类洄游带来困难,有必要对其结构进行优化。提出了一种优化的新结构,使每一个水池都具有三级跌坎及一个凹槽,优化鱼道相比于原模型,鱼道内的平均流速降低了30%以上,水流也更为平缓。另外,凹槽中形成静水区,可以为鱼类提供休息场所。认为优化的鱼道结构在流速和流态方面对鱼类洄游有利。

A study on optimizing the structure of fish way

Dams cut off the migratory route of fish,and affects their growth and breeding greatly.A dam was on the migratory fish’s migratory way,such as Ptychobarbus conirostris and Schizothora plagionstomus,and in order to protect these rare fishes,a vertical slot type fish way was built.A series of model experiments were carried out upon the fish way,and found that in the prototype the velocity of the main stream approached to the fish burst speed and flow regime was disorder.These factors caused lots of difficulties for fishes’ migratory,therefore the structure of the fish way should be optimized.Then a new kind of structure which had three-levels of fall-off bank and a groove in every pool was put forward.The contrast experiments showed that the velocity in the new fish way is cut down 30 percent at least,and flow regime is also changed gently.Besides,the groove can provide resting place for fish as water in it is nearly static.The results showed that the optimal fish way is favorable for fish in terms of velocity and flow regime.