Respiratory effects of indoor particles in young children are size dependent |
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Authors: | Franck Ulrich Herbarth Olf Röder Stefan Schlink Uwe Borte Michael Diez Ulrike Krämer Ursula Lehmann Irina |
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Affiliation: | a Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research — UFZ, Core Facility Studies, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germanyb Environmental Medicine & Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germanyc Children's Hospital, Municipal Hospital, Klinikum St. Georg gGmbH, Delitzscher Straße 141 D-04129 Leipzig, Germanyd Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF), Arbeitsbereich Epidemiologie, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germanye Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research — UFZ, Department of Environmental Immunology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany |
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Abstract: | BackgroundExtensive epidemiological studies have provided evidence of an association between elevated outdoor particulate air pollution and adverse health effects. However, while people typically spend majority of time indoors, there is limited knowledge on airborne indoor particles and on the correlation between the concentrations of indoor particles and health effects. Even insights into the influence of differently sized indoor particles on human health are still rare.ObjectiveThe association between differentially sized indoor air particles and the development of respiratory diseases was studied for three year aged children.MethodsShort-term measurements of particle mass and number concentrations were carried out in children's rooms. Information on possible particle sources (smoking habits, type of heating, and traffic) and respiratory outcomes were obtained from questionnaires. Measured indoor particle concentrations were correlated with possible sources of indoor particles and with respiratory health impacts.ResultsDaily smoking, smoking more than 5 cigarettes per day at home and traffic density in front of the window of children's room were found to be related to indoor exposure by particles of different diameters. High indoor particle exposures were associated with an increased risk for the development of obstructive bronchitis and in some extent of non-obstructive bronchitis. The strongest impact was observed for the mass concentration of particles < 1 μm and the number concentration of particles > 0.5 μm. The risk increases still remain significant if tested for stability changing the number of adjustment variables or omitting randomly selected cases, respectively.ConclusionOur results show significant associations between indoor particle concentrations and the risks for respiratory diseases in young children. The applied short-term measurements can help to assess the health risks of indoor particles with different sizes within epidemiological studies. |
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Keywords: | CI, Confidence interval EC, Elemental carbon ETS, Environmental tobacco smoke LISA, Lifestyle immune system allergy &mdash study PM2.5/PM10/PM1, Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm/2.5 μm/1 μm n/N, Number of cases/total number of cases OC, Organic carbon OR, Odds ratio SOA, Secondary Organic Aerosol SOP, Standard Operation Procedure UFP, Ultrafine particles (particles < 0.1 μm) |
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