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Sub-micrometer particulate air pollution and cardiovascular mortality in Beijing, China
Authors:Breitner Susanne  Liu Liqun  Cyrys Josef  Brüske Irene  Franck Ulrich  Schlink Uwe  Leitte Arne Marian  Herbarth Olf  Wiedensohler Alfred  Wehner Birgit  Hu Min  Pan Xiao-Chuan  Wichmann H-Erich  Peters Annette
Affiliation:
  • a Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany
  • b Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, IBE Chair of Epidemiology, Munich, Germany
  • c Peking University, Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Beijing, China
  • d University of Augsburg, Environmental Science Center, Augsburg, Germany
  • e Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany
  • f Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research — UFZ, Core Facility Studies, Leipzig, Germany
  • g University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
  • h Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (IfT), Leipzig, Germany
  • i Peking University, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing, China
  • j Focus Network Nanoparticles and Health (NanoHealth), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
    		•
    Abstract:

    Background

    While the link between particulate matter and cardiovascular mortality is well established, it is not fully investigated and understood which properties of the aerosol might be responsible for the health effects, especially in polluted mega-city areas.

    Objectives

    Our goal was to explore the association between daily cardiovascular mortality and different particle metrics in the sub-micrometer range in Beijing, China.

    Methods

    We obtained daily counts of cause-specific cardiovascular deaths in the Beijing urban area for the period March 2004 to August 2005. Concurrently, continuous measurements of particle number size distributions were performed. Particle number concentrations (NC) between 0.003 μm and 0.8 μm were converted to particle mass and surface area concentrations assuming spherical particles. Semi-parametric Poisson regression models adjusting for trend, seasonality, day of the week, and meteorology were used to estimate immediate, delayed and cumulative particle effects. Additionally, effect modification by air mass origin was investigated.

    Results

    We observed associations between daily cardiovascular mortality and particle NC for a 2-days delay. Moreover, nearly all particle metrics showed 2-days delayed associations with ischemic heart disease mortality. The strongest association was found for particle NC in the size range 0.03-0.1 μm (7.1% increase in daily mortality with a 95%-confidence interval of 2.9%-11.5%, per an increase of 6250 particles/cm3). Results for surface and mass concentrations with a lag of two days indicated effect modification by air mass origin, whereas effects of particle NC were not modified.

    Conclusions

    Results show an elevated risk of cardiovascular mortality in Beijing from short-term exposure to particulate air pollution in the sub-micrometer range. Results also indicate that locally produced smaller particles and regionally transported particles may exhibit different effects in Beijing.
    Keywords:ACP, accumulation mode particles   CDC, Center for Disease Control   CPC, Condensation Particle Counter   CI, confidence interval   DF, degrees of freedom   DMA, Differential Mobility Analyzer   GCV, generalized cross validation   ICD-10, International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision   IQR, interquartile range   MC, mass concentrations   MC1, particle MC for particles in the range below 0.8   μm   PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons   PACF, partial autocorrelation coefficient   PKU, Peking University   PM, particulate matter   PM10, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <   10   μm   PM2.5, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <   2.5   μm   PM1, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <   1   μm   NC, number concentrations   NC1, particle NC for particles in the range below 0.8   μm   SC, surface area concentrations   SC1, particle SC for particles in the range below 0.8   μm   TDMPS, Twin Differential Mobility Particle Sizer   UFP, ultrafine particles (particles with an aerodynamic diameter <   0.1   μm)
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