Low ratio of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol-glucuronides (NNAL-Gluc)/free NNAL increases urothelial carcinoma risk |
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Authors: | Chung Chi-Jung Lee Hui-Ling Yang Hsiu-Yuan Lin Pinpin Pu Yeong-Shiau Shiue Horng-Sheng Su Chien-Tien Hsueh Yu-Mei |
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Affiliation: | a School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwanb Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwanc Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwand Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwane Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwanf Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwang Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan |
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Abstract: | Cigarette smoking is the most important risk factor for bladder cancer. The compound 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and its metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) are viewed as biomarkers for cigarette smoking exposure. Therefore, we wanted to explore the effects of these urinary metabolites on urothelial carcinoma (UC) risk. We recruited 127 pairs of UC cases and matched healthy participants for a hospital-based case-control study. Participants completed questionnaires of medical and social information, including smoking history, and provided 50 mL urine samples. Urine samples were analyzed for free NNAL and NNAL-Gluc using the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Nonparametric analysis and multivariate logistic regression were applied to compare the differences in NNK-related metabolites between UC cases and controls, and to estimate the UC risk associated with certain risk factors. Overall, controls with higher cumulative cigarette smoking exposure had higher total NNAL, free NNAL and NNAL-Gluc. In addition, a decreased NNAL-Gluc/free NNAL ratio corresponded to a significantly increased UC risk. The association between the NNAL-Gluc/free NNAL ratio and UC risk was significant in a dose-response manner. Furthermore, cumulative cigarette smoking exposure was found to interact significantly with low NNAL-Gluc/free NNAL ratio to affect UC risk in this study. This is the first study to conclude that the metabolic products of total NNAL, free NNAL and NNAL-Gluc might be measured as biomarkers of cigarette smoking exposure. Furthermore, the NNAL-Gluc/free NNAL ratio was a better biomarker to evaluate UC risk than total NNAL. |
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Keywords: | 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone NNK 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol NNAL Cigarette smoking Urothelial carcinoma |
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