Prenatal exposure to lead in Spain: cord blood levels and associated factors |
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Authors: | Llop Sabrina Aguinagalde Xabier Vioque Jesus Ibarluzea Jesús Guxens Mònica Casas Maribel Murcia Mario Ruiz María Amurrio Ascensión Rebagliato Marisa Marina Loreto Santa Fernandez-Somoano Ana Tardon Adonina Ballester Ferran |
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Affiliation: | a Centre of Public Health Research (CSISP), Av Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spainb Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), 20220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spainc CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Doctor Aiguader 88, 8003 Barcelona, Spaind Public Health Laboratory of Álava, Dirección de Salud Pública, Gobierno Vasco, Santiago 11, 01002, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spaine Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av de Alicante KM 87, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spainf Departamento de Sanidad Gobierno Vasco, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Gipuzkoa, Avenida de Navarra 4, 20013 San Sebastián, Spaing Biodonostia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, San Sebastián, Spainh Centre for Research of Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 8003 Barcelona, Spaini Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Doctor Aiguader 88, 8003 Barcelona, Spainj Dirección General de Salud Pública (DGSP), Conselleria de Sanitat, Av Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spaink Area de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spainl School of Nursing, University of Valencia, Jaume Roig s/n, 46010, Valencia, Spain |
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Abstract: | Introduction and ObjectiveLead is a known neurotoxic. Fetuses and infants are very vulnerable to lead exposure, since their blood-brain barrier is not completely formed. Hence, there is an importance for monitoring of blood lead levels prenatally and during early infancy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prenatal exposure to lead and its association with maternal factors in four population based mother-child cohorts in Spain. The present research was carried out within the framework of the INMA project INfancia y Medio Ambiente (Environment and Childhood).MethodsA total of 1462 pregnant women were recruited between 2004 and 2008. Lead was analyzed in a sample of cord blood by thermal decomposition, amalgation, and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Maternal sociodemographic, lifestyle and dietary factors were obtained by questionnaires during pregnancy. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed. The dependent variable was a dichotomous lead level variable (detected vs no detected, i.e. ≥ vs < 2 μg/dL).ResultsA low percentage of cord blood samples with lead levels ≥ 2 μg/dL were found (5.9%). Geometric mean and maximum were 1.06 μg/dL and 19 μg/dL, respectively. Smoking at the beginning of pregnancy, age, social class, weight gain during pregnancy, gravidity, and place of residence were the maternal factors associated with detectable cord blood lead levels. Mother's diet does not appear to be a determining factor of lead exposure. Nevertheless, daily intake of iron and zinc may act as a protective factor against having cord blood lead levels ≥ 2 μg/dL.ConclusionIn the different regions of Spain taking part in this study, lead levels to which newborns are exposed are low. Mobilization of lead from bones may be the main contributor to the cord blood levels. |
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Keywords: | Lead exposure Prenatal Maternal determinants Zinc Iron |
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