建筑师主导下基于能耗模拟的建筑形体与空间组织节能设 计研究 — ? —以北京市门头沟区体育文化中心为例

介于当下建筑师在绿色建筑设计过 程中的长期角色缺失以及设计后期为了能耗 达标而过分依赖节能设备等现象，由建筑师 主导的、以能耗模拟为途径的节能设计研究 更加刻不容缓。在详细分析由建筑师主导的 节能设计所展现的优势并对能耗模拟工具 进行选择后，提出了建筑师主导下基于能耗 模拟的建筑形体与空间组织节能设计流程。 接下来以北京市门头沟区体育文化中心为例，展示了在方案设计阶段建筑形体与空间组织关系的节能设计思路与过程，详细剖析了建筑师对 整体概念、功能布局和能耗负荷等问题的把控与决策。最后总结了建筑本体设计与节能设计这 两者的协同关系，阐明了建筑师在其中发挥主导角色的重要意义。

Research on Architect-Led Energy-Efficient Design of Building Massing and Spatial Organization Based on Energy Simulation: Taking Mentougou Sport and Cultural Center as an Example

With the development of global economy, the energy consumption of buildings has surpassed the one of transportation and industry sectors, accounting for over 41% of total energy use around the world. Various regulations and standards on green building design have been issued or renewed in China in order to set a higher demand for energy efficiency, making it obliged for architects to carry out better energy-efficient architectural design. A large amount of research has repeatedly proved that there is great potential of performance optimization in early design stage and different design approaches have been proposed. However, most of the current studies have failed to take into consideration either the complexity of practical architectural projects or the working process of architects. Under this circumstance, this paper elaborates the advantages of architect- led energy-efficient design and puts forward the design workflow of building massing and spatial organization at schematic design stage. The Mentougou Sport and Cultural Center is taken as an example to show the energy-efficient design process, which analyzes the decisions architects make in terms of concept design, function layout, energy load and so on. Due to the widespread but unobservable problems around the topic of energy-efficient architectural design in our country, ranging from the absence of architects in schematic design phase of green buildings to the excessive emphasis on energy-efficient equipment to meet energy goals, this paper firstly emphasizes the architect-led principle along with energy simulation pathway for architects to show the important role that architects play in energy-efficient design and the advantages of it. The benign interaction between energy simulation and architectural design is discussed, after which the appropriate energy simulation tools, Ladybug + Honeybee,are chosen based on applicability comparison among typical performance simulation tools. The workflow of architect-led energy-efficient design of building massing and spatial organization based on energy simulation can be divided into three steps: settings of design parameters, building energy simulation and final decision making, each of which can be expressed in the form of a mathematic formula. Architects have a leading role in the synergetic work between energy simulation and architectural design and design concepts are allowed to be carried through and developed further from the beginning to the end. In other words, architects can improve the initial design ideas and materialize them in a better way during the energy-efficient optimization process by coordinating all kinds of design elements, including energy-efficient parameters, and judging the priority of every design evaluation criterion, including building energy consumption. As the largest sport and cultural complex project in Beijing since 2008, the Mentougou Sport and Cultural Center features a complicated function layout that includes a natatorium, a competition gym, a training gym, an indoor ice rink, and a theater and so on, which calls for the leading contribution of architects to better satisfy the needs of the clients. Spaces are piled up vertically in masterplan design so that connection with the surrounding context is able to be established, urban shared open space can be created, architectural circulation design is optimized and the shape factor of the building can be subtracted, which is fundamentally the most straightforward way of reducing building energy consumption. The building massing energy-efficient design of the project incorporates the design of planar contour, roof form and elevation inclination. The roof form with the lowest energy simulation result is selected by the architect after the design process, which enhances the initial design ideas and minimizes the adverse influence of the road cutting through the site in appearance. The situation differs in the design of planar contour and elevation inclination where architects refuse to choose the massing with best simulation outcome for worthwhile tradeoff with preferable design concept development and indoor physical environment. The large spaces in the project, such as the natatorium, the two gyms and the ice rink, are major energy consumers of the project and the spatial organization design allows further improvements for reducing energy load of the large spaces. The spatial layout is finalized with consideration of energy load, circulation design and arrangement of surrounding auxiliary spaces. Apart from more detailed models and more accurate energy simulation, architects also pay attention to the indoor comfort levels in the deepening phase of schematic design stage. Roof gardens and semi-outdoor spaces are introduced so as to decrease heat transfer coefficient of building envelope, improve indoor lighting environment and reduce energy load of large functional spaces. Being a part of architectural design, energy-efficient design is supposed to build up a benign interaction with architectural noumenon design to create outstanding outcome with harmony in every aspect. The increasingly complicated design process, which requires planning various design elements as a whole, keeps encouraging the leading role of architects, who are no longer merely onlookers, but leaders instead.