仿生织构图案的设计、加工及应用的研究进展

表面织构在提升零件的耐磨性、界面接触的减摩性、材料表面的减阻性以及增强或降低材料的吸附性等方面展现出良好的效果.根据表面功能的不同,分别从耐磨表面、减阻表面、疏水表面、粘(脱)附性表面进行研究,综述了各种仿生织构的设计、加工及应用现状.研究发现,耐磨仿生织构图案尺寸相对较大,多在20μm以上,稳定的结构可以承受较大的外力;减阻疏水表面具有细微的突起状结构,能有效地通过微结构改变表面力学性能;粘附性表面得益于生物体微结构的形状尺寸,毛状微结构拥有良好的吸附性.加工方式上,激光刻蚀能精确控制加工尺寸和几何形状,化学刻蚀能得到更细微的表面形貌.仿生织构在机械密封、活塞环、刀具、滑动轴承及齿轮等应用上起到了良好的效果,但是截至目前,表面仿生织构研究较杂,并且未形成体系,相关设计和作用机理并不完善.通过分析仿生织构图案的功能性设计、多尺度复合加工和对零件服役性能的影响,为仿生织构图案的设计提供思路和更加科学的设计方法,并找到适合每种功能表面的加工技术.将仿生学应用于织构技术上,从生物体借鉴优良的功能特性,以期在工程上得到更广泛的应用.

Research Progress in Design, Processing and Application of Bionic Texture Patterns

The surface texture has shown good effects in terms of improving the wear resistance of the parts, the friction reduction of the interface contact, the drag reduction of the material surface, and the enhancement or reduction of the material adsorption. According to the different surface functions, the design, processing and application of various bionic textures were reviewed from the aspects of wear-resisting surface, drag-reducing surface, hydrophobic surface and adhesive (desorption) surface. The study found that the size of the wear-resistant bionic texture pattern is relatively large, mostly above 20 µm, and the stable structure can withstand large external forces; the drag reduction and hydrophobic surfaces have a fine protrusion-like structure, which can effectively change the mechanical properties of the surface through the microstructure; and the adhesive surface benefits from the shape and size of the microstructure of the organism, and the hairy microstructure has good adsorption. In the processing method, laser etching can accurately control the processing size and geometric shape, and chemical etching can obtain a finer surface shape. Good results have been achieved in applications such as mechanical seals, piston rings, cutters, sliding bearings and gears. However, up to now, the research on surface bionic texture is still complicated and no system has been formed. The relevant design and mechanism of action are not perfect. By analyzing the functional design of bionic texture patterns, multi-scale composite processing and the impact on the service performance of parts, this paper aims to provide ideas and more scientific design methods for the design of bionic texture patterns, and find the processing technology suitable for each functional surface. The bionics is applied to texture technology, borrowing fine functional properties from organism, in order to be more widely used in engineering.