石墨及其改性产物研究进展

天然石墨是具有片层结构的含碳无机材料,层间由范德华力连接,可用物理或化学方法将其它分子、原子、离子甚至原子团插入其层间,生成石墨层间化合物(GIC);GIC经高温膨胀可得到体积为其几百倍的膨胀石墨(EG);在超声粉碎时,膨胀石墨上的石墨微片剥离,得到纳米石墨微片(NanoG)。近年来,富勒烯(Fullerence)、碳纳米管(CNT)、石墨烯(Graphene)的先后开发,为石墨家族注入新的活力,并为其应用开辟了新的空间。系统论述了天然石墨及其改性产物如EG、NanoG、Graphene、CNT、Fullerence的结构、制备方法、性质及用途。

Development of Graphite and Its Derivatives

Natural graphite is a carbon based inorganic material with a multilayered structure and can be interconnected by van der Waals force between its layers.This special structure decides that graphite can be intercalated by many things such as molecules,atoms,ions and atomic groups by using chemical or physical methods and get another new material,that is,graphite intercalation compounds(GIC).By rapidly thermal treatment,GIC can be expanded several hundreds times the volume of its original and get expanded graphite(EG) which has a worm-like structure.When treated with ultrasonication in an aqueous alcohol solution,the nanosheets of EG can be exfoliated and changed into nanosheets graphite(NanoG).In recent years,other carbon based materials such as fullerence,carbon nanotube(CNT) and graphene were developed one by one which inject new vitality into the graphite family and open a new applied space for the graphite.The structure,methods of preparation,properties and functions of the natural graphite(NG) and its derivatives such as expanded graphite(EG),graphite nanosheet(NanoG),graphene,carbon nano-tube(CNT) and fullerence are discussed systemically.