Genotoxicity of trophosphamide in mouse germ cells: assessment of micronuclei in spermatids and chromosome aberrations in one-cell zygotes

We have used the muscle history dependence of the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch, to provide evidence for their contribution to kinaesthesia, the sense of position and movement. Stretch sensitivity is altered depending on whether or not slack has been introduced in intrafusal fibres [13]. At the human elbow joint detection threshold was measured to passive movements applied at different speeds to the forearm after a conditioning co-contraction of muscles of the upper arm, with the arm held either flexed ('hold short') or extended ('hold long'). Test measurements were made with the elbow joint at 90 degrees. For the three speeds of movement, 2 degrees s-1, 0.2 degree s-1 and 0.02 degree s-1, after 'hold short' conditioning thresholds were lower for movements into extension, after 'hold long' conditioning they were lower for movements into flexion. It is concluded that when muscle conditioning introduces slack in the intrafusal fibres of muscle spindles, this must be taken up by the test movements before they can be detected by the subject. It means that whenever detection thresholds to passive movements are measured at a joint, the contraction history of the muscles acting at that joint must be taken into account.