Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Simulation of Drying Processes: A Review

In recent years, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used increasingly to improve process design capabilities in many industrial applications, including industrial drying processes. Drying of food and beverage products, industrial and municipal wastewater sludge, and other manufacturing and environmental products is done regularly in order to enhance the quality and life span of these products and to facilitate their use, storage, and transportation. With recent advancements in mathematical techniques and computer hardware, CFD has been found to be successful in predicting the drying phenomenon in various types of industrial dryers, which utilize all forms of drying operations including spray, freeze, and thermal drying techniques. The CFD solutions are being used to optimize and develop equipment and processing strategies in the drying industry, replacing expensive and time-consuming experimentations. However, a comprehensive review on the application of CFD for the design, study, and evaluation of industrial dryers is not yet available. A comprehensive review of the current literature on the use of CFD models in both industrial and lab-scale drying applications is presented in this article. The use of Eulerian-Eulerian and Eulerian-Lagrangian models in the study of the drying kinetics for gas–solid multiphase flow systems is fully discussed. Merits and disadvantages of using various CFD models in the design of industrial dryers are illustrated and the scope of their applicability is also discussed.