Frequency offset estimation in the intermediate frequency for satellite-based AIS signals

In this paper, an accurate frequency offset estimator is investigated in the intermediate frequency for the satellite-based automatic identification system (AIS) signals. Using Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) modulation for transmission, the AIS signal is shown to be a plane wave with the modulated phase information and carrier frequency resulting from the Doppler effects. Hence, the phase information can be eliminated with a re-modulated signal, and the frequency offset can be estimated by the ratio of the maximum spectral amplitude and its neighbor spectral amplitude based on the fast Fourier transformation (FFT) interpolation. The estimator has low complexity, and it is easy to implement. Computer simulations are used to assess the performance of the estimator.