Visibility, air quality and daily mortality in Shanghai, China |
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Authors: | Wei Huang Haidong Kan Ni Zhao Guixiang Song Lili Jiang Renjie Chen |
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Affiliation: | a Center for Environment and Health, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, China b Shanghai Urban Environment Meteorology Center, Shanghai, China c School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China d Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA e Shanghai Municipal Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China f Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, China |
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Abstract: | This study was designed to assess the association between visibility and air quality, and to determine whether the variations in daily mortality were associated with fluctuations in visibility levels in Shanghai, China. Mortality data were extracted from the death certificates, provided by Shanghai Municipal Center of Disease Control and Prevention, and visibility data were obtained from Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Meteorology. Air quality data (PM10, PM2.5, PM10-2.5, SO2, NO2 and O3) were obtained from Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center. Generalized additive model (GAM) with penalized splines was used to analyze the mortality, visibility, air pollution, and covariate data. Among various pollutants, PM2.5 showed strongest correlation with visibility. Visibility, together with humidity, was found appropriate in predicting PM2.5 (R-squared: 0.64) and PM10 (R-squared: 0.62). Decreased visibility was significantly associated with elevated death rates from all causes and from cardiovascular disease in Shanghai; one inter-quartile range (8 km) decrease in visibility corresponded to 2.17% (95%CI: 0.46%, 3.85%), 3.36% (95%CI: 0.96%, 5.70%), and 3.02% (95%CI: − 1.32%, 7.17%) increase of total, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, respectively. The effect estimates using predicted PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were similar to those assessed using actual concentrations. This is the first study in Mainland China assessing the association between visibility and adverse health outcomes. Our findings suggest the possibility of using visibility as a surrogate of air quality in health research in developing countries where air pollution data might be scarce and not routinely monitored. |
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Keywords: | μg/m3 micrograms per cubic meter 95% CI 95% confidence interval df degree of freedom DOW day of the week GAM generalized additive model ICD-10 the 10th revision of International Classification of Diseases NO2 nitrogen dioxide O3 ozone PM2 5 particulate matter less than 2 5  μm in aerodynamic diameter PM10 particulate matter less than 10  µ m in diameter PM10-2 5 particulate matter between 10 and 2 5  μm in aerodynamic diameter SMCDCP Shanghai Municipal Center of Disease Control and Prevention SO2 sulfur dioxide |
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