Hysteresis in the ultrasonic parameters of saturated sandstone during freezing and thawing and correlations with unfrozen water content

Determining the mechanical properties of frozen rock is highly important in cold-area engineering. These properties are essentially correlated with the content of liquid water remaining in frozen rock. Therefore, accurate determination of unfrozen water content could allow rapid evaluation of mechanical properties of frozen rock. This paper investigates the hysteresis characteristics of ultrasonic waves applied to sandstone (in terms of the parameters of P-wave velocity, amplitude, dominant frequency and quality factor Q) and their relationships with unfrozen water content during the freeze-thaw process. Their correlations are analysed in terms of their potential for use as indicators of freezing state and unfrozen water content. The results show that: (1) During a freeze-thaw cycle, the ultrasonic parameters and unfrozen water content of sandstone have significant hysteresis with changes in temperature. (2) There are three clear stages of change during freezing: supercooled stage (0 °C to −2 °C), rapid freezing stage (−2 °C to −3 °C), and stable freezing stage (−3 °C to −20 °C). The changes in unfrozen water content and ultrasonic parameters with freezing temperature are inverse. (3) During a single freeze-thaw cycle, the ultrasonic parameters of sandstone are significantly correlated with its unfrozen water content, and this correlation is affected by the pore structure. For sandstones with mesopores greater than 50%, there are inflection points in the curves of ultrasonic parameters vs. unfrozen water content at −3 °C during freezing and at −1 °C during thawing. It was found that thermal deformation of the mineral-grain skeleton and variations in the phase composition of pore water change the propagation path of ultrasonic waves. The inflection point in the curve of dominant frequency vs. temperature clearly marks the end of the rapid freezing stage of pore water, in which more than 70% of the pore water freezes. Consequently, the dominant frequency can be used as an index to conveniently estimate the unfrozen water content of frozen rock and, hence, its mechanical properties.