Functionalization of different polymers with sulfonic groups as a way to coat them with a biomimetic apatite layer |
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Authors: | I B Leonor H -M Kim F Balas M Kawashita R L Reis T Kokubo T Nakamura |
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Affiliation: | (1) 3B’s Research Group, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;(2) Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal;(3) Department of Ceramic Engineering, School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Korea;(4) Research Institute for Science and Technology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai-shi Aichi, 487-8501, Japan;(5) Ion Beam Engineering Experimental Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku Ktsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan;(6) Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8506, Japan |
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Abstract: | Covalent coupling of sulfonic group (–SO3H) was attempted on different polymers to evaluate efficacy of this functional group in inducing nucleation of apatite in
body environment, and thereupon to design a simple biomimetic process for preparing bonelike apatite-polymer composites. Substrates
of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycaprolactam (Nylon 6), high molecular weight polyethylene (HMWPE) and ethylene-vinyl
alcohol co-polymer (EVOH) were subjected to sulfonation by being soaked in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or chlorosulfonic acid (ClSO3H) with different concentrations. In order to incorporate calcium ions, the sulfonated substrates were soaked in saturated
solution of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). The treated substrates were soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF). Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, thin-film
X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy showed that the sulfonation and subsequent Ca(OH)2 treatments allowed formation of –SO3H groups binding Ca2+ ions on the surface of HMWPE and EVOH, but not on PET and Nylon 6. The HMWPE and EVOH could thus form bonelike apatite layer
on their surfaces in SBF within 7 d. These results indicate that the –SO3H groups are effective for inducing apatite nucleation, and thereby that surface sulfonation of polymers are effective pre-treatment
method for preparing biomimetic apatite on their surfaces. |
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