Biodegradability of nonionic surfactants: Screening test for predicting rate and ultimate biodegradation |
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Authors: | R N Sturm |
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Affiliation: | (1) Environmental Water Quality Research Department, Procter and Gamble Company, 45217 Cincinnati, Ohio |
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Abstract: | Environmental water quality evaluations of raw materials in consumer products occupy a position of critical importance in
many industries throughout the world. The rapid growth and diversity of the household detergent market requires continuous
consideration of new materials needed to meet the demands of new, improved and modified products. As household cleaning products
are normally disposed of as a component of domestic sewage, surface active compounds, including nonionic surfactants, would
reach surface waters only as a part of a sewage effluent and would be subject to the same degree of biological treatment as
the balance of the waste. For this reason, evaluations of such new materials include an environmental assessment in which
biodegradability testing of organic materials is an important first step. Biodegradability characteristics of nonionic surfactants,
as a class, are generally more difficult to ascertain because of wide structural diversity and a usual lack of functional
groups. Such determinations usually involve intricate and laborious test methods which necessitate development of analytical
techniques for each degradation product of a given material. A method has been developed, modified and used in our laboratory,
that provides, after reasonable opportunity for biological acclimation, a measure of the rate and degree of ultimate biodegradation
(conversion to CO2 and H2O). This method, which uses simple equipment, has been used to assess the biodegradability of a wide variety of nonionic surfactants,
without necessitating the development of specific analytical methods for each surfactant under consideration. Additionally,
this method can be adapted to measure degradation under conditions of anaerobiosis or low temperature. |
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