Potential health risks of arsenic,antimony and mercury in the Takab geothermal field,NW Iran

This study investigates the bioavailability, water–soil to plant transfer and health risks of arsenic (As), antimony (Sb) and mercury (Hg) in the Takab geothermal field north-west of Iran. Water used for irrigation, surface soils from agricultural lands and cultivated plants were collected from three polluted sites and analysed for As, Sb and Hg to assess associated health risks. As content in irrigation water ranges from 23.4 to 986.4?μg/L, whereas total As content in the surface soil is in the range of 16.3–492?mg/kg^?1. The results agree with other reports that metal (loid) concentrations in leaves are usually much higher than in grain. Most investigated plant species showed a significant correlation between As, Sb and Hg contents in their aerial parts and that available in the soil (r?=?0.82, p?=?0.012; r?=?0.84, p?=?0.004; r?=?0.79, p?=?0.011). Factors influencing the bioavailability of metal (loids) and their occurrences in plants are soil pH, cation exchange capacity, phosphate, calcite and organic matter content, soil texture and interaction between target elements. Available As in analysed soils is relatively low, implying that phosphate, as well as Fe-oxy-hydroxides and calcite are effective in absorbing As. But, sequential extraction analysis indicates that iron oxy-hydroxide surface can bind both As and Sb, with As being more strongly bound. The calculated bioaccumulation factor based on total metal (loids) and available metal (loids) in soil indicates that alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and sage (Saliva syriaca L.) are effective accumulators of As, Sb and Hg. The health risk index of the studied plants ranged from 0.0003 to 5.71, with the maximum being in wheat (Triticun aestivum L.), an alarming sign for human health. It is suggested that health risks from long-term consumption of wheat and other As-rich foodstuffs must be managed by monitoring contamination in the water–soil–plant pathway.