Different immunological mechanisms contribute to cartilage destruction in antigen-induced arthritis

Antigen-induced arthritis in guinea pigs was used as a model to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for cartilage destruction in chronic joint inflammation. The activation of macrophages, their effects on cartilage metabolism, and the development of autoimmunity to cartilage constituents were studied during the progression of arthritis. The results show that in arthritic animals the macrophages are systemically activated, with a peak in the early phase of inflammation. Interleukin 1, produced by the activated cells, suppresses the proteoglycan synthesis in cartilage explants and cultured chondrocytes and increases the proliferation of the cells in vitro. During the progression of arthritis humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to collagen type II and cartilage proteoglycans occur correlating with the severity of arthritis. It is concluded that different immunological mechanisms may be involved in cartilage destruction during antigen-induced arthritis. Mediator-induced metabolic reactions dominate in the early phase, whereas autoimmunity to cartilage might play an essential role in later phases of arthritis.