The influence of climate and location on collector performance |
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| Affiliation: | 1. The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden;2. Vattenfall Utveckling AB, c/o Miljökonsulterna, Box 1046, S-611 29 Nyköping, Sweden;1. Prevention Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri;2. Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia;3. Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;4. Center for Research in Education and Social Policy, University of Delaware Newark, Delaware;5. Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California;6. Human Nutrition and Food Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia;7. School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago;8. Illinois; and Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada;1. Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States;2. Mathematical and Computational Science Division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, United States;3. Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States;4. Mechanical Systems and Controls Group of the Energy and Environment Division (EED) of the Engineering Laboratory (EL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, United States;1. Key Laboratory of Solar Thermal Energy and Photovoltaic System, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China;2. Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Brovej 118, Kgs. Lyngby DK 2800, Denmark;3. Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China;4. Beijing Engineering Research Center of Solar Thermal Power, Beijing 100190, PR China;1. School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;2. Institute of Indoor Climate, Hokkaido, Japan;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil;2. Heating Refrigeration Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Federal Institute of Santa Catarina, São José, SC 88103-310, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | The influence of annual climate variations on the performance of solar thermal collectors in the northern part of Europe has been investigated. The annual solar collector energy output has been calculated with the MINSUN simulation program using hourly, measured climatic data for the years 1983–98 for three cities situated in the south (Lund), central (Stockholm) and north (Luleå) of Sweden. A synthetic year created with the Meteonorm weather simulation program was also used in the simulations. Two solar thermal collectors were modelled: a flat plate solar collector and a tubular vacuum collector, both of commercial standard.The thermal energy output is strongly correlated to the annual global irradiation at a horizontal surface. The annual average energy delivered from the flat plate collector was 337 kWh/m2 for Stockholm (337 for Lund and 298 for Luleå), and from the vacuum tube collector 668 kWh/m2 for Stockholm (675 for Lund and 631 for Luleå) at an operating temperature of T=50°C. Maximum deviations from the average value for this 16-year period are around 20% for the flat plate and 15% for the vacuum tube collector, at T=50°C.The relation between global irradiation on a horizontal surface and the annually collected thermal energy at a constant operating temperature could be fitted to a linear equation: qu=aG(0°)+bT, where qu is the energy output from the collector, G(0°) the global irradiation at a horizontal surface, T the average temperature of the collector fluid, and a and b fitting parameters in a double linear regression analysis. |
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