Raman-amplifier-based submarine transmission systems |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan;2. Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan;3. Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;4. Department of Family Medicine, School of medicine, College of medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan;5. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan;6. Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan;1. The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, Ottawa, ON;2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON`;3. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen''s University, Kingston, ON;4. Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB;5. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON;6. Département d''obstétrique, de gynécologie et de reproduction, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC;7. Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC;8. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON |
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| Abstract: | The broad bandwidth and low noise figure of a distributed Raman amplifier (DRA) makes it attractive for use in high-capacity, long-haul transmission systems. This paper discusses key technologies for such systems using Raman amplifiers (RAs), such as a method to expand the signal bandwidth for hybrid DRA/EDFAs and all-RAs. The combination of two different types of optical amplifiers enables them to compensate for each other's gain profiles through adjustment of the RA's pump wavelength allocation to reduce the accumulated gain deviation. A variable gain equalization scheme is also described. Furthermore, we have developed a form of dispersion management suitable for a system using DRAs. The overall system performance with this management during a transmission experiment was 1.6 dB better than that with conventional management. Using these techniques, we successfully demonstrated 2.1-Tb/s 7221-km transmission in a system using hybrid DRA/EDFAs and 2.4-Tb/s 7404-km transmission in a system using DRAs. |
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