Silver modified porous silica from rice husk and its catalytic potential |
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Authors: | Email author" target="_blank">Farook?AdamEmail author Adil?Elhag?Ahmed Sia?Lih?Min |
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Affiliation: | (1) School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia |
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Abstract: | Rice husk silica modified with Ag (RH-Ag) and its calcined form, RH-Ag(C) are heterogeneous catalysts prepared from rice husk.
The sodium silicate was extracted from rice husk using a simple solvent extraction technique. Silver was added during the
precipitation of the gel to form RH-Ag. Calcination of RH-Ag yielded RH-Ag(C). RH-Ag and RH-Ag(C) was found to have a well
defined amorphous phase and a crystalline phase. TEM analysis showed that silver was encapsulated into the silica matrix.
Well defined mesoporous channels were found in RH-Ag(C). The EDX analysis showed that silver was indeed incorporated in the
matrix of RH-Ag but it was not homogenously distributed. The specific surface area of RH-Ag and RH-Ag(C) was found to be 447
and 419 m2 g−1 respectively. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) for RH-Ag was found to be 0.470 mmol g−1 which was higher than that of RH-Ag(C) with 0.273 mmol g−1. Both the CEC and the BET values for RH-Ag(C) was consistent with the calcination process. Catalysis of benzyl alcohol using
RH-Ag and RH-Ag(C) gave two products which were identified as benzaldehyde and dibenzyl ether. Percentage conversion was higher
when the reaction was conducted with pure oxygen (14.0%) than in open air (0.60%). Overall, RH-Ag(C) was found to be a better
catalyst for the formation of dibenzyl ether. The optimum weight and time of reaction for the oxidation was found to be 0.3 g
and 3 h respectively for both catalysts. It was found that even in an inert atmosphere, 13% of benzaldehyde was obtained with
RH-Ag(C) as catalyst. Mechanisms for the formation of benzaldehyde under oxygen and inert atmosphere and the condensation
mechanism assisted by the presence of the Ag on the surface of the catalyst have been suggested. |
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Keywords: | Rice husk silica Solvent extraction Silver-silica catalyst Etherification Benzyl alcohol Dibenzyl ether |
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