Plant Volatiles Influence Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lygus hesperus</Emphasis> |
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Authors: | III" target="_blank">Livy WilliamsIII Jacquelyn L Blackmer Cesar Rodriguez-Saona Su Zhu |
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Affiliation: | (1) USDA-ARS Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, 920 Valley Rd., Reno, NV 89512, USA;(2) USDA-ARS Pest Management and Biological Control Research Unit, 21881 N. Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA;(3) Department of Entomology, Philip E. Marucci Blueberry and Cranberry Research Center, Rutgers University, 125a Lake Oswego, Chatsworth, NJ 08019, USA;(4) Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA |
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Abstract: | Previous laboratory studies have shown that the mirid Lygus hesperus is attracted to volatiles emitted from alfalfa; feeding damage increases the amounts of several of these volatiles, and visual
cues can enhance attraction further. The present study tested single plant volatiles in electrophysiological and behavioral
trials with L. hesperus. Electroantennogram (EAG) analyses indicated that antennae responded to most plant volatiles included in the test, and that
when gender differences were observed, males usually were more responsive than females. Antennal responses to the alcohols
((E)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenol, 1-hexanol), the acetate (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, and the aldehyde (E)-2-hexenal were among the strongest. Moderate responses were observed for (E)-β-ocimene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, (±)-linalool, and methyl salicylate. A dose dependent response was not observed for several terpenes (β-myrcene,
β-caryophyllene, (+)-limonene, or both (R)-(+)- and (S)-(−)-α-pinenes). EAG responses, however, were not always consistent with behavioral assays. In Y-tube bioassays, males did
not exhibit a positive behavioral response to any of the compounds tested. Instead, males were repelled by (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, (±)-linalool, (E,E)-α-farnesene, and methyl salicylate. In contrast, female L. hesperus moved upwind towards (R)-(+)-α-pinene, (E)-β-ocimene, and (E,E)-α-farnesene, and showed a negative response towards (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (S)-(−)-α-pinene, and methyl salicylate. This study emphasizes the use of multiple approaches to better understand host plant
finding in the generalist herbivore L. hesperus. |
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